2012年10月20日 星期六

沒有冠冕的事奉 (可十31-45)

這是馬可福音第三次記載耶穌預言他將要遇害的事,但門徒照舊不明白和不肯接受耶穌所說的門徒不會明白和認同耶穌所說的,因為他們參加耶穌運動是為了推翻羅馬政權,重建以色列國沒有一個人會抱著註定失敗的態度參加一場運動。從約翰和雅各自信地向耶穌問,「賜我們在你的榮耀裡,一個坐在你右邊,一個坐在你左邊」就反映出他們對推翻羅馬政權已有一定勝數。

面對門徒的提問、誤解和虛榮,耶穌說,「可是坐在我的左右,不是我可以賜的,而是為誰預備就賜給誰。」對於耶穌的回答,我相信約翰和雅各可能很不舒服第一,耶穌的回答指出不買人情。約翰和雅各是親身在耶穌變像一事上三個門徒其中二個(可九2-3)。一方面,這獨特經驗反映他們是耶穌重視的人;另一方面,因他們有這獨特經驗,以致他們可能自覺他們比其他門徒更優越。聖經對雅各的認識不多,但至於約翰,他是耶穌所愛的門徒,甚至被耶穌吩咐照顧他的母親。所以,當約翰和雅各向耶穌提及他們要坐在耶穌的左右邊時,他們覺得很自然。縱使這可能是他們一廂情願,但他們的期望是很人性的。例如,當你跟某某人關係相熟後,你可能會期望他對你有點方便和優待。然而,耶穌對約翰和雅各要求的態度是不買人情,即跟耶穌如何密切不會有特殊優待。

誰可以坐在耶穌的左右邊?耶穌的回答指出這不是可賺取,不一定按論功行償原則。表面看來,這是違反常理的,但若留意耶穌曾說,「只是有在後的,將要在前;有在前的,將要在後」(路十三30)的話,我們對耶穌的回答就不需太驚訝了論資排輩是我們習慣的一種人際生活,但問題是,為何年資深就等於比年資淺更能勝任某些工作?因此,論功行償就是打破官僚肯定多勞多得某程度,這做法是公平的,但這可能走向一種工具理性,即將效率和成就成為唯一的標準。例如,你在教會地位在於你奉獻有多少,事奉有多少。以上兩種思維正是約翰和雅各的態度。一方面,他們二人是頭兩個人跟隨耶穌,即最資深的。另一方面,他們可能比其他門徒更投入耶穌運動。例如,他們被稱為雷子(可三17)。雖是如此,但耶穌指出一個人的資深度、成就和投入與誰坐在耶穌左右沒有必然關係。

澄清門徒的提問後,耶穌將門徒的問題從「賜我們在你的榮耀裡,一個坐在你右邊,一個坐在你左邊」轉化為「你要坐在貧窮人和有需要者的左右邊。」這就是「在你們中間誰願為首,就要作眾人的僕人」的意思。門徒的關注是一個上下和高低的問題,而耶穌的關注卻是一個平等和同在的問題。對門徒來說,榮耀和權力是核心,但對耶穌來說,服務是核心。然而,我們需要小心解讀耶穌的話,因為很多人以耶穌的話拒絕承擔領導和被按立為牧師,甚至誤以為尋求按立牧師者是一種權力慾。耶穌不是反對有人坐在他榮耀裡的左右邊,而是他反對以坐在他的左右邊成為跟隨他的目的。所以,基督徒不應將謙卑等同不承擔領導的責任,反而認清楚所謂領導是為要服務。

在預言和解釋他將要經歷的遭遇後,耶穌上耶路撒冷,踏上一條苦難之路。一方面,耶穌的預言是向門徒說清楚,不要對他有錯誤期望,即受難不是榮耀。另一方面,耶穌給門徒再一次選擇,即是否願意跟耶穌上耶路撒冷。同樣,這也是耶穌今日向我們發出的問題:沒有冠冕的事奉(掌聲、被記念、免稅收據),你願意事奉嗎?

2012年9月23日 星期日

Following Jesus as welcome children (Mk 9:30-37)



There are at least two forms of understanding. First, I don’t understand, because I do not have relevant knowledge. So, please explain and teach me. Second, I do not want to understand, because it is against my wish or expectation. The latter is the attitude of the disciples towards what Jesus has said about his own suffering. In fact, this is the second time of Jesus’ talking about his suffering (the first is on Mk 8:31). Are the disciples so stupid that they are not able to understand what Jesus has said? If not, why don’t the disciples want to understand? According to Mark, understanding Jesus’ suffering is not simply about knowledge and information, but that it demands a change of life. In this Jesus’ second saying of his death, the disciples are asked to ‘welcome one such child in my name’, and this is the disciples find it hard to accept.
Those who have been teaching chilren Sunday School would definitely feel happy, for you not only welcome children, but also welcome Jesus and God the father. But don’t be too early to be happy, for children in Jesus’ usage is not just about a matter of age. Rather children is a symbol of those children who are vulnerable, helpless, marginalized, and despised, and therefore, they can be children as well as adults. Jesus is asking the disciples to welcome these people. Apparently, this is a noble act, but this is not a favourable act. We praise what Mother Teresa has done for the poor, but we would not choose to do it. We teach our children to show respect and appreciation to cleaners, but we won’t encourage our children to be cleaners.

In this summer, we have a good experience of welcome children. When the government insists to introduce national education to schools, a parent concern group is formed in order to defend the freedom of thought of their children. Its slogan is 良心話事,守護孩子 (our conscience speaks, and defends our children). A mother shares,

我只是一個好平凡的師奶,平時只是照顧子女飲食,叫他們不要打太多機,預備他們上課的午餐,我只係吾想個仔被洗腦,吾想個仔日日食毒藥,如果我作為媽媽,我不保護他,誰來保護他?

This movement has successfully appealed to the public. Many people join it in order to defend the children. The movement against the national education tells us that first, welcome children is more than giving them a home, sweeties and toys, but also defending their freedom of thought. Second, welcome children is learn to be the voice of the voiceless. And at the same time, we have to ask ourselves whether our voice has covered the children voice, and make them voiceless. Third, welcome children requests one to leave one’s comfort zone to do to do small things (such as, distributing black ribbon) and even pick up a unwelcome role. Welcome children is a conscientious act. It has no reward, no glory and no guarantee of success. Also, welcome children is an egg’s act against the wall. There is no romance in the struggle, and there is no hero, but only servant and tiredness.
I would say that these mothers are more able to understand (認同) what Jesus has said about himself, The Son of Man is to be betrayed into human hands, and they will kill him, and three days after being killed, he will rise again.’ It is because their welcome of children shares the features of Jesus life, not victory and power, but rather misunderstanding, suffering and servanthood. In contrast, the disciples are reluctant to admit that suffering is the destiny of Jesus, not because they do not want their Master to suffer, but because they do not want to suffer with their Master. They may have a pure heart to follow Jesus at the beginning, but now it is the glory, power and victory that matter most.
  
By sharing with the disciples that he would be suffered and killed, Jesus reminds them that following him would not bring one to glory and power. Rather it demands discipleship characterized by welcome children. It is in such kind of act that we understand what the suffering of Jesus is, and it is in such kind of act that understanding is following.

2012年9月9日 星期日

剩下絕食的身體---反國民教育的反思



不可因人貧寒就搶奪他,也不可在城門口欺壓困苦人,因耶和華必為他們辯護,也必奪取那搶奪者的命。(箴言廿二:22-23

貧寒人與困苦人都是社會中的弱勢,但令人感到疑惑的,他們仍要受到不公平對待。一方面,他們沒有得到應得的憐憫,反而進一步被剝奪。另一方面,他們的弱勢理應對有權者不會產生嚴重威脅,但在審判官前(當時的審判處是東面的城門口)卻得不到公義。這是顛倒常理,違反正義,但這卻真實地發生了,甚至到今天也是如此。這兩個月來發生有關國民教育科一事的爭論正是一個例子。

在國民教育科一事上,誰是弱者?明顯地,弱者是學生,不但因為他們沒有機會參與討論他們將要接受的教育,更因為他們沒有得到免被洗腦的保護。有人認為強調學生的參與是不切實際,因為他們缺乏所需要的知識。但問題是:(一)我們從沒有嘗試邀請他們參與討論。再者,學民思潮的學生所反映出來的思辯能力足以說服我們的偏見。(二)當國民教育本身仍存在一定程度的爭議性時,學生就不應成為白老鼠,反應受更大保護。

除了學生外,家長是弱者。一方面,當政府從家庭搶走對孩子教育的話事權後,很多家長被迫成為教育制度的幫凶去壓迫孩子(例如,考入名校和考試)。我承認我的說法有點偏頗,因為有很多學校確實成為孩子成長很重要的幫助,也有家長沒有做好家長的責任。雖是如此,但每年看見家長們為其子女找幼稚園、小學和中學時那種焦慮時,我會說,家長已失去反抗教育制度的能力,甚至不自覺地成為其擁護者。當家長被剝奪其對子女教育權而被要求要對教育制度的信任時,這制度卻濫用他們對它的信任,使他們變得脆弱,沒有反抗能力。

老師,甚至學校也可能是弱者之一,尤其那些受政府津貼的學校。例如,每年小學和中學中央派位,學校都不知道報導其校的學生人數。教育局可以透過控制派多少個學生來要脅學校配合。意即,若學校長期不合作,政府可以令學校縮班,甚至面對殺校的危機。在這背景下,我們就明白相關報導帶來的白色恐怖教育局8月底向全港65間官校發出「限閱文件」,命令校長記錄官校教師對國教科的取態,指若有教師罷課,教育局將「視乎個案的實際情况考慮如何處理」。教育局又口頭向校長提出,要上報周一(93日)「穿黑衣行動」當日,穿黑衣、繫黑布帶的師生人數並記錄在案。

強調學生、家長和老師等是弱者沒有企圖製造二元思維,也無意將他們受害化。事實上,在這反國民教育這場爭辯中,我們看見反對國民教育者中只剩下自己的身體可以抗爭。他們以絕食表達他們自主,拒絕被控制,卻被批評為激進。他們每晚拖著疲累身體參與集會,以同在表達他們的立場,拒絕被安排,卻被批評為無政府狀態。他們沒有政治籌碼,也不倚靠任何政黨,他們只有的就是絕食的身體、出席的身體和疲累的身體。雖然這些身體只會被消耗下去,但他們義無反顧用這屬於他們的身體,仍去抗爭。他們不是要爭取更大的政治權力和經濟利益,只是很簡單地要取回思想的自由和被剝奪的教育子女的話事權。可惜的是,他們的權利被蔑視了。(一)政府說,你住在香港,就要學我認為你要學的國民教育。但問題是:為何香港人要從國民教育界定?(二)政府說,國民教育已經過咨詢,獲廣泛支持。但問題是:為何仍有很多人表達不滿?為何他們的聲音沒有被反映?(三)政府說,有學校願意開科。但問題是:他們的接受是被利誘結果還是出於自由?

不知是否政府被絕食的身體、出席的身體和疲累的身體所感動還是被立法會選情的考慮,梁振英昨晚決定5年任期內不會將國民教育獨立成科。無論如何,學生、家長和學校等可以先回家休息,計劃下一步如何監察政府。貧窮人和困苦人的力量不是甚麼政治力量,只是一股正義力量,並由此產生一種感染力。很多人參與支持反國教,因為他們被絕食的身體、出席的身體和疲累的身體感動了。聖經說:耶和華必為貧寒人和困苦人辯護,也必奪取那搶奪者的命時,上主不但被他們的遭遇打動了,也被他們的堅持與正義感染了,以致他義無反顧為他們辯護,參與絕食、出席集會,削髮,並以審判者的身分向政府宣判,你不但錯誤,更是不正義,要為此負責任。

民間反對國民教育科大聯盟接受政府的讓步,事情似乎暫時結束,但抗爭並沒有停下來。然而,教會要從這事反思.面對絕食的身體、出席的身體和疲累的身體時,上主選擇了.你站在哪裡?

2012年8月23日 星期四

奧運-最緊要好玩



執筆之際,奧運會已完滿閉幕,並沒有恐怖活動發生。對香港觀眾來看,今次奧運會有以下值得關注議題。第一,有關電視台免費轉播一事。雖然最後無線與亞視合作在免費電視台播放,但世界性大型節目的獨家轉播權始終是一個還未解決的問題。究竟奧運是一個商業活動還是一個公共利益活動?若與公共利益無關,奧委會就不會要求獲取轉播權的電視台需要提供約240小時免費轉播。那麼,兩年後舉行的足球世界杯又當如何看待?政府有何角色?第二,奧運與國家意識關係。當香港正就推行國民教育一事鬧得熱烘烘時,奧運帶出若干問題值得我們留意。當香港單車選手李慧詩獲銅牌時,整個城市都為她感到興奮和雀躍。這應被解讀為一種分離意識還是國家意識?事實上,一日有香港以獨立身分參與國際活動時,這問題一日就無法釐清。另一方面,當劉翔絆倒和女子羽毛球雙打于洋和王曉因打消極波而被取消資格時,香港人如何評論這些事?這與國民教育的關係又如何?

說回來,若奧運精神是參與,不是勝利,我們如何維護這奧運精神。第一,拒絕將奧運成為一項商業活動。然而,自1984年奧運引入商業參與時,奧運本身就避不開與商業糾纏。最簡單,電視台轉播權已是一項商業運作。如何減少商業反轉來決定奧運成為重要議題之一。第二,拒絕將奧運成為一項政治活動。雖然奧委會拒絕任何政治標語帶入競賽和不列得獎牌排名,但當國旗高升和國歌奏起時,某種國際角力已出現了。為了克服以上困難,奧委會刻意提升奧運的道德性。例如,強調奧運的友誼精神和奮鬥、比賽時的更快、更高和更強和公平競賽等價值。然而,奧運的道德性卻製造新一輪問題。運動本身只是一場遊戲而已,不需太認真,贏輸問題不大,絕不需背負國家和個人榮辱感。競賽規則和公平競賽是基本,因為這有助提升遊戲的刺激性和可觀性。最緊要好玩和感覺良好是運動的基本。至於運動對個人的道德意義,這只是個人的事,不需過份吹捧。我不贊成報紙對李慧詩個人辛酸史的描述,因為這是一種將奧運道德化,使運動不再是運動,成為工貝。坦白說,今日奧運之所以有消極比賽、食用藥物、不仁道的訓練等出現就是對奧運太認真,甚至太有道德性(國家比個人重要),反而回復它的遊戲性質時,我們就更輕鬆地看待運動。這是我對我喜歡英超聯賽曼聯的態度。

2012年8月4日 星期六

種子

2011 - 12年度幼稚園畢業典禮(基督教香港崇真會)


生日使我們聯想起蛋糕、春節使我們聯想起利是。那麼,畢業聯想起甚麼?(同學、家長和老師的回應。)我聯想起兩件事。第一,畢業袍。只有在畢業禮才穿上畢業袍,所以,我今日會穿上畢業袍(穿袍行動),跟你們一齊畢業。第二,禮物。它可以是畢業證書、文具、雪糕一杯,甚至去尖沙咀行街。至於禮物,讓我跟你們講一個故事。


昨晚,我作夢。(你們有發夢嗎?夢見甚麼?)

我夢見我進入一間商店,站在服務台後面是一位天使。

我問,「這裡賣甚麼?」

他說,「這裡甚麼都有。」

我問,「這是否一間超級市場?」他沒有答,只微笑。

我很興奮地說,「我想要公仔麵、菊花茶、世界和平、好朋友...」(道具)

天使說,「不好意思,你誤會了。我們不是買果子,卻買種子的。我們有愛的種子、誠實的種子、好奇的種子、創意的種子、友誼的種子...」(預備種子)

跟果子不同,種子需要心力和耐性培植。當愛的種子、誠實的種子、好奇的種子和創意的種子成長後,你們就有很愛、有誠實、有好奇、有創意的果子,甚至可以跟人分享。你們要甚麼種子?(同學回應)(預備種子和小袋)

各位家長,學校可能沒有成功為你們的孩子考上名校,但肯定的,老師在他們心靈上已播下愛的種子、誠實的種子、好奇的種子和創意的種子。同樣,你們的孩子也在學校播下歡樂的種子、希望的種子和創意的種子。讓我們悉心培養在他們心靈中的種子。



2012年7月29日 星期日

你認識你所跟隨的耶穌是誰嗎?(可六45-52)

對於門徒因耶穌在海面上走而甚驚慌的反應,作者馬可的評論是「因為他們不明白那分餅的事,心裡還是愚頑。」馬可的評論是否中肯?我們先要理解他所指的分餅是一回甚麼的事。若按故事的上下文,分餅應該是指我們熟識的五餅二魚的故事。對馬可來說,以五餅二魚餵飽五千人絕對是一件神蹟,而門徒應該從中認識耶穌是上主的兒子,但問題是,門徒似乎沒有從中認識耶穌的身分,以致他們因耶穌在海面上走而被嚇呆,甚至認為他是鬼怪。門徒的愚頑不是因為這是人的正常反應,而是因為他們還未真正接受耶穌是上主的兒子。讓我跟你們分享教會近日一件驚慌的事。



基督徒認識耶穌是祂滿有恩典和憐憫,而典範例子是與罪人、妓女和稅吏一同吃飯。罪人、妓女和稅吏等是否在耶穌眼中是罪人還是他們是被罪者?若他們是罪人,耶穌與他們吃飯的重點可能就是勸導他們不要再犯罪;若他們是被罪者(即受害者),耶穌與他們吃飯的重點就是要表達他站在他們一方,接納他們,挑戰傷害他們的人和制度。那一個理解正確?我們不知道耶穌是否有勸導他們不要犯罪,但從法利賽人對耶穌與罪人、妓女和稅吏吃飯的不滿意卻反映耶穌與他們吃飯的行動是挑戰主流社會對他們的標籤。耶穌的吃飯表達他們被上主所愛,也應被社會尊重而不是排斥。相反,若耶穌勸導罪人、妓女和稅吏悔改的話,我相信法利賽人必然很支持耶穌。至於耶穌是否有勸導他們和如何看他們的身分,這是耶穌與他們的事,與周遭的人無關。為何周遭的人那麼緊張?


有教會(香港浸信會聯會、基督教宣道會香港區聯會及中國基督教播道會總會)選擇以刊登廣告,以神的設計、神的律法和神的審判批評同性戀行為是罪,而不是刊登廣告,邀請他們一同吃飯,建立友誼,挑戰社會歧視。聲明說,「呼籲基督徒效法基督,要對罪惡心思行為絶不妥協,惟對陷入罪途及有相關傾向的人,則應予愛心關懷並援助(約三:17);教會更須向會眾推行相關的聖經教導,以達成基督的大使命!」為何他們的呼籲沒有提及社會對同性戀的歧視,甚至多年來對他們造成的傷害?為何他們的呼籲不是朋友的邀請,一起吃飯,建立友誼?這些教會豈不是經歷和宣講那與罪人、妓女和稅吏吃飯,並滿有恩典和憐憫的上主,但他們對待同性戀卻完全忘記了上主的恩典。為何教會對同性戀變得如此驚慌,甚至「見鬼」?按馬可評論,「因為他們不明白耶穌與罪人、妓女和稅吏一同吃飯,心裡還是愚頑。」


門徒因耶穌在海面上走而感驚慌,因為他們將這行為聯想起鬼怪。門徒的聯想不是不可理解的,因為以捕魚為生的門徒對海上鬼怪的故事並不陌生。那麼,門徒的愚頑不必然因為他們不信,而是因為他們對耶穌的認識受制於他們昔日的經驗。一方面,昔日經驗指人生經驗。另一方面,昔日經驗也指信仰的經驗。以信仰經驗為例,信仰經驗讓我們對耶穌有很基礎的認識,但同時,我們要擺脫經驗的固定性,以致經驗沒有侷限我們,反而讓我們去開拓。例如,在福音書的記載中,患病的都被耶穌醫治。耶穌是醫治者是我們對耶穌很基礎的認識,但我們不應侷限以此對耶穌的認識。否則,當我們的病情或親朋的病情得不到醫治時,我們就很難接受耶穌是醫治者。另一例子就是早期教會所面對的情況。一方面,猶太人受猶太教主義所限,未能認識耶穌是彌賽亞。另一方面,成為基督徒的猶太人仍受猶太教主義所限,未能完全接受外邦人成為基督徒。然而,沒有猶太人彌賽亞經驗,我們不可能理解耶穌的身分。然而,個人的驚慌不只是對個人的影響,更由此影響周遭的人,因為他們被視為鬼怪了。我們與罪人、妓女和稅吏一樣,都是罪人和蒙恩的人,不要看待他們的鬼怪。


你認識你所跟隨的耶穌是誰嗎?祂餵飽五千人、在海面上走、與罪人、妓女和稅吏一同吃飯、醫治病人。這樣的一位主如何讓我們面對人生的不幸和突發、社會中的貧窮者、同性戀者和患病者。在驚慌中,耶穌向我們說,「不要怕!」我們要認識我們所跟隨的耶穌。





2012年7月8日 星期日

Aliens in their homeland (Mk 6:1-6)

    Jesus’ being rejected by his town is best described as an alien in his native town. Alien here is not related to the movie Alien about external invasion to the earth. Neither is this related to one's immigration status. But rather it is an experience of being rejected, marginalized and exclusion. Jesus’ experience strikes me in two ways. First, what is the purpose of Mark to give a record of this story? Second, why isn’t Jesus honored by his town? Regarding the first question, it seems to me that Mark intends to use this Jesus’ particular experience to establish a thesis that Jesus is not only not honored by his town, but also by the Jews and even his created world. Although this is not explicitly expressed in Mark’s Gospel, this thesis is fully articulated in John’s Gospel. John writes,

He was in the world, and the world came into being through him; yet the world did not know him. He came to what was his own, and his own people did not accept him. (Jn 1:10-11)

Jesus’ historical experience of being not honored by his town is one of the his many, and finally, Jesus is ended up in crucifixion. Mark reminds us that this is the Lord whom we follow, and we Christians share the same destiny of our Lord Jesus.

    Apart from the theological implication of that Jesus is not honored by his town, there are political reasons. For instance, there is a suggestion that the radicalness of Jesus makes the people of his town hesitate to ally with him, for they do not want to be involved in the conflict with Pharisees. Another suggestion considers that there may be some people in Nazareth that have a high social status, and therefore, Jesus’ high reputation would be considered as a threat to them. These are possible reasons. But having an experience of my native land being colonized, I would suggest that Jesus not being honored is due to a kind of colonialized mentality found in Nazareth. Let me explain this. During the time of being colonized, the people of Hong Kong, 96% are Chinese, struggled to enter English-speaking schools, gave priority to purchase western products, and looked up to the Westerners. Ironically, the people of Hong Kong looked down on the Chinese language, the Chinese products and even the Chinese people. This may be because China was weak and uncompetitive at that time. There is truth in it. Nevertheless, the post-colonial theory reminds us that the experience of looking up on the West has been turned into a discourse that shapes our mind and even becomes our life, and as a result, we no longer question the discourse and accept this as the right and reasonable thing to do. Even though Hong Kong is no more a colony, the colonial mentality of looking up to the West and the Chinese authorities has not been challenged.

    In the light of the post-colonial theory, we have a different understanding of Jesus' experience of being rejected by his home town. At the time of Jesus, Nazareth was a small town with a population of around 600-800 people. It is definitely incomparable with a big city like Jerusalem in terms of opportunities, prosperities and civilization. It is common for the people of Nazareth to admire a big city. Therefore, they do not honor Jesus, not just because they do not have trust in him, but also because they do not have confidence in themselves. They are looking up to the big city, and believe that everything from big city is better than the local. Thus, Jesus’ experience reminds us that first, the colonial discourse is not only taken place in a colonial status, but at anytime and anyplace. Second, the colonial discourse is not just a belief, but it can deprive one’s potentiality, and even one’s identity. The Bible says

Jesus could do no deed of power there, except that he laid his hands on a few sick people and cured them.

    If my introduction to the post-colonial theory to understand Jesus’ experience is acceptable as one of the reasons of Jesus’ being rejected, our immediate concern is what this would mean for the followers of Jesus. First, we should be aware of and critical of different kinds of colonial mentality featured by both Chinese and western cultures, capitalism and liberalism that limits the freedom of our faith in Jesus. Second, we should have self-confidence so that we can have faith in our brothers and sisters, and their life can be blossomed. It is not their untrustful, but rather it is our suspicious that makes us disbelief.

    Being alien in his home is the experience of Jesus in Nazareth. We have seen how such status can deprive his potentiality and even his life finally. In fact, Jesus’ experience is found in different corners of our world, such as, Palestinians in the so-called Israelite land, ethics groups in Myanmar, people like Liu Xiaoboa and Ai Weiwei in China, homosexuals in Hong Kong. When the disciples at the time of Jesus are sent to teach, heal and cast out demons, let us go to teach the gospel of grace and embrace, heal the wound caused by exclusion and cast out the demon of ideology represented by suspicious and post-colonial mentality.