2014年11月29日 星期六

警醒, 睡著, 裝睡 (可十三24-37)

按教會傳統,今年教會新一年是今日(1130日),而今年的經文是可十三24-37。經文重點是鼓勵信徒警醒,因為主耶穌將要回來。跟著的問題是:為何主將要回來就要警醒?按使徒信經說,「耶穌基督將來必從那裏降臨﹐審判活人死人。」我們要警醒,因為主耶穌的回來是審判與拯救的日子。若不想成為被審判的對象,我們就要警醒地負責任生活;另一方面,我們要警醒,讓我們在艱難日子沒有失去對上主拯救的信心。在這大前提下,我們下一個問題是:如何過警醒的生活?

第一種對警醒生活的體驗就是預測主耶穌甚麼時候回來,希望藉此對信徒產生一種壓迫感。其中一種很普遍觀點就是對哈米吉多頓大戰的預言(啟十六16)。簡單來說,持這觀點者認為這場戰爭的發生就是揭開主耶穌回來的序幕,所以,他們很留意世界事件。目的不是關心,不是積極參與建立和平,而是一種旁觀者的預測。這種理解卻將啟示錄看成為一本對未來歷史預言的書,而忘記啟示錄是對主耶穌主權的宣認,與預言未來歷史沒有關係。事實上,歷史不斷告訴我們,這種預測式閱讀聖經是錯誤的。例如,1970年代,他們就將歐盟解釋為啟示錄十三章所講的敵基督。主耶穌提醒我們:「但那日子,那時辰,沒有人知道,連天上的天使也不知道,子也不知道,惟有父知道。你們要謹慎,要警醒,因為你們不知道那時刻幾時來到。32-33

第二種對警醒生活的體驗就是一面倒強調主耶穌回來的審判。雖然他們的用意是善良的,即讓信徒有責任地生活,但卻製造無需要的緊張和恐懼,使生活漸漸失去可以有的寫意,樂趣和輕鬆,因為生活成為一種任務或職責。再者,它製造永恆與短暫、屬靈與屬世、教會與世界的對立。若問參與雨傘運動的人:「你渴望主再來嗎?為甚麼?」他們多會回答說:「我們渴望,因為主再來就是拯救日子。在那日,『被擄的得釋放,失明的得看見,受壓迫的得自由,宣告神悅納人的禧年。』」沒有同時強調主耶穌回來所代表的拯救就會錯誤地理解審判之意。事實上,審判的目的是拯救。這是先知書的信息。

以上兩種警醒態度都傾向以一種警佈思維,並重他世,輕今世,看今世只有過度意義。這是這段聖經對警醒的理解嗎?讓我們留意主耶穌用的比喻話:「這事正如一個人離家遠行,授權給僕人們,分派各人的工作,又吩咐看門的警醒。所以,你們要警醒,因為你們不知道這家的主人甚麼時候來,是晚上,或半夜,或雞叫時,或早晨,免得他忽然來到,看見你們睡著了。(節34-36

警醒的基礎不是預測,也不是恐懼,而是不要睡著。睡著不關乎生理需要,而是對所分派的工作是否盡責。這裡牽涉二個課題,分別為分派和盡責。第一,分派就是說明我不但不是工作的主人,所謂工作的老闆也不是我工作的主人。我是被分派,我工作的老闆也是被分派。當下的問題不只是作為工人的我不負責任,更是裝睡,即不承認被分派的身分,看自己是主人。尤其當職級越來越高時,我們對分派的裝睡就越來越明顯了。例如,校長相對地比老師對分派更易裝睡,老師相對地比文職同事對分派更易裝睡。在政府部門和商業機構也是如此。那麼,警醒就不只提醒人不要睡著,負責任生活,更要批判裝睡者,即我們不是老闆,而是被上主分派。

第二,甚麼是盡責?與家庭分開的敬業樂業、不追求補薪和補時的加時工作、為工作的終身學習、不增人手的高效率嗎?我們發現這些所謂的盡責只是工業和後工業社會創造出來的倫理,目的是要讓人適應工業和後工業經濟的運作多於甚麼盡責。所以,當我們比較前工業社會的工作倫理時,我們對盡責就有不同理解。我們的睡著不是不盡責,而是對資本主義的意識形態睡了,缺乏反思力,甚至不敢有反思。那麼,耶穌所講的警醒基本上是一種覺醒,即不被蒙蔽,以致我們有空間思考和想像如何對上主分派的工作和身份盡責。

按以上對這比喻的理解,警醒是要叫醒睡了的人,包括我們自己和被睡了的人,並認識被分派的身分。警醒的重點不是醒與睡之別,而是覺醒與裝睡覺醒與迷惑之別。那麼,覺醒不是從預測未來而來,而是從認識主耶穌是審判者和拯救者,從而對我們習慣了的醒與睡作出批判而來。


2014年11月23日 星期日

From Christ the King to the King of the Vulnerable



Today is the last Sunday of the liturgical year. In 1969, Pope Paul VI made today as Christ the King Sunday. Since then, most mainline Protestant churches observe this practice, including the Lutheran, for this is a good round up of a year. In fact, the emergence of Christ the King Sunday can be traced back to Pope Pius XI (庇護). In 1925, he made the last Sunday of October as Christ the King in order to respond to the rise of nationalism and secularism in the world, on the one hand and to encourage Christians to recommit to God, on the other. This is the background to understand  the passages for today, namely, Ezek 34;11-16, 20-24; Matt 25:31-46.

Ezekiel passage has laid down the foundation for our understanding of Christ the King. The passage is about God’s promise to the exiled in Babylon. Since the exiled are scattered around, God promises that the shepherd would come to seek, rescue, gather and feed them. This is not just a matter of survival, but it is a life with quality and a matter of justice. The Scripture says,

I will feed them with good pasture, and the mountain heights of Israel shall be their pasture; there they shall lie down in good grazing land, and they shall feed on rich pasture on the mountains of Israel. (v.14)

And it is important to note that the Lord says,

       I myself will judge between the fat sheep and the lean sheep. (v.20)

The fat sheep are judged, not because of the discrimination against the fat, but because ‘they pushed with flank and shoulder, and butted at all the weak animals with their horns until they scattered them far and wide.’ (v.21) There is no justice without salvation.

        How would God’s promise be fulfilled? According to Ezekiel, God would send them a king (v.23-24), and he is commonly known as the Messiah. In the New Testament, Christians consider Jesus as the Messiah whom God promised. Although Jesus as the Messiah is very different from the expectation of many Israelites, some Israelites believe in him, for Jesus’ crucifixion, resurrection and ascension have convinced them. They gradually come to realize that God’s promise is not confined to the scattered Israelites, but extended to the gentiles. God’s kingdom is not narrowly restricted to the Israelites, but a cosmic kingdom. God himself is the king of the kingdom, not a human king, and Jesus is the king. Despite of a wider and deeper understanding of God’s promise, Christians are still used to the traditional understanding of kingship, that is, glory, power, royal and holy. This is the context of Matthew 25. The Lord says,

I was hungry and you gave me food, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink, I was a stranger and you welcomed me, I was naked and you gave me clothing, I was sick and you took care of me, I was in prison and you visited me. (Matt 25:35-36)

Truly I tell you, just as you did it to one of the least of these who are members of my family, you did it to me. (v.40)

First, Jesus the king whom Christians are worshipping is not associated with political power, but he chooses to identify himself with the hungry, thirty, stranger, naked, sick and in prison. They are the vulnerable. Thus, Jesus the king is found in the street, slum, hospital and prison, not in the palace. He is the king of the vulnerable, not the king of the rich and power. Second, our worship to our Lord is not featured by prayer and praise, but by caring the material and spiritual need of the vulnerable. Christians are not waiting for the fulfillment of God’s promise, but we are the witness to the fulfillment of God’s promises by participating into God’s promise. Third, the king comes to separate between sheep and the goat. This is an act of judgment. The basic criterion of judgment is not the confession, but rather is about how they respond to the vulnerable.

Christ the King Sunday reminds us Christ the king is of the vulnerable. In the Old Testament, the vulnerable is the scattered exiled and lean sheep caused by the exploitation of the fat sheep. In the New Testament, the vulnerable is the hungry, thirty, stranger, naked, sick and in prison. Who is the vulnerable today? During the Umbrella Movement (2014), the vulnerable is:

When I need to use the toilet, you do not let me use it, and say. ‘This is private property.’
When I need a shelter to escape from tear gas, you choose to close the church, for you do not want to be mistaken by the government.
When I am blocked by the police at the Tamar Park on September 28, you make no attempt to visit me, for this is an illegal gathering, and you do not want to violate the law.

Perhaps, our church is far away from the occupying spot, and therefore, these are not our concerns. However, we can’t escape from it, for distance would not dismiss our responsibility to the vulnerable. More importantly, we should not let politics overriding our love. Rather it should be the opposite.

On this Sunday, let’s worship Christ the King in his revealed way, not our expected way.

2014年11月15日 星期六

兩種忠誠(太廿五14-30)

這段聖經帶出對同一件事兩個很不同觀點,分別是老闆(主人)和打工仔(僕人)。故事反映老闆對打工仔的要求是他們在所分派的工作上要有表現。老闆對打工仔有這樣的要求並不過份,因為打工仔是為此受薪。然而,現實又並非如此簡單,因為很多時候,打工仔屬於較弱勢議價者的一方,所以,對他們表現的要求可能是不合理的。令我關注的不只是老闆與打工仔是否平等地議價,更是老闆如何將他們對打工仔可能不道德和不合理的要求道德化和合理化。昔日對打工仔操控的理據可能只是一句話-我是老闆,但今日的管理方法傾向少用這理據,因為這不會提升打工仔的生產力,反而製造緊張關係,影響生產表現。因此,老闆會選擇以忠心和良善等欣賞詞彙對待打工仔(例如,獎金獎狀訓練),使他們更感自發工作。聖經這句話-你在少許的事上忠心,我要派你管理許多的事」-不但是老闆用的技倆,也不自覺成為打工仔的追求事實上,很多打工仔會認同老闆這種管理方法,爭取讚賞,承擔更大責任,但資深打工仔卻選擇笑一笑,卻推卻進升機會。

打工仔的角度又如何?按這故事,有兩類打工仔。第一類,就是認同老闆的觀點。這已剛剛說明。第二類,就是不太相信老闆的觀點,並質疑老闆是否一個真誠的人。他們說,「老闆,你是個嚴厲的人:沒有種的地方也要收割,沒有播的地方也要收穫。這是打工仔對老闆的誣告嗎?這是打工仔懶惰的藉口嗎?另一方面,是否因這打工仔看穿老闆用的管理技倆,不願被他欺騙?即挑戰有錢大晒」的邏輯。現實是老闆權力總比打工仔大,以致到最後,打工仔要為他可能的真誠付代價。故事有這樣描述,因為凡有的,還要加給他,叫他有餘;沒有的,連他所有的也要奪過來。把這無用的僕人丟在外面黑暗裏,在那裏他要哀哭切齒了。

以上對這比喻的解讀可能令很多人不安。第一,比喻所講的主人是主耶穌,而上主是公平和恩典的。那麼,以上將上主詮釋為精於心計是對上主的扭曲。第二,比喻關乎天國,一處拯救之境,但按以上詮釋,天國只不過是對欺壓的美化。這醜化天國。第三,以上詮釋將一個懶惰和不負責任的打工仔說成是英雄,甚至將按章工作和不事生產的態度說成是揭穿主人暴力的積極方法。第四,這比喻的重點是對受託負責任,而不是對主人的評論。因此,以上的詮釋扭曲了比喻的原意了。我完全贊同以上四個批評。那麼,是否以上的分享指出一種以讀者回應譯經方法的錯誤?

讀者回應不是甚麼作者已死,而是讀者投入聖經到一個地步,他不是旁觀者,而是參與者之一,以致他對聖有其觀點是很正常。因此,我的方法不是要指出甚麼是正確詮釋,而是以打工仔角度指出他對老闆的經驗,從而分別出打工仔的忠心有別於主人對打工仔忠心的要求。第一,你在少許的事上忠心,我要派你管理許多的事是我們對上主的態度,但這種態度卻被挪用了,巧妙地將對上主的忠心等同打工仔對工作要有的態度,忠心地為老闆打工。例如,忠心被解釋為與生活世界割裂的敬業樂業(與家庭分開)、不要求補薪的加時工作、由工作所須定義的終身學習、不增人手仍保持高效率表現等。問題是:為何對上主的忠心不是對工作不公義對待的不合作和挑戰。例子之一,搞工會,爭取集體談判權,爭取全民退休保障等是忠心的表現。第二,我們不需將打工仔美化,當中有懶惰的,沒有將交託他們的做好。但問題是:為何又惡又懶只應用在打工仔身上呢?難道老闆沒有又惡又懶?為何老闆被美化了?若又惡又懶的打工仔要將他所有的也要奪過來的話,又惡又懶的老闆又如何呢?這使我想起發生在20133-5葵青貨櫃碼頭工潮。外判工人的工作環境及條件惡劣(食飯和洗手間),2013年的薪酬的1997年低13%,沒有議價能力;另一方面,僱主以外判方法推卸它對員工的責任,而外判公司又如何欺壓工人。這樣惡又懶的老闆有甚麼懲罰呢?

對上主的忠心要求我們不要簡單地將老闆看成上主,也不要將工作表現等同對上主忠心,反而要求我們重新思考忠心與公義的關係,並如何在老闆與打工仔天國與工作關係中呈現。