2012年1月25日 星期三
宗教、社會政策與香港宗教非政府組織
香港的主要宗教有佛教、天主教、儒教、伊斯蘭教、基督教和道教。因香港是一個世俗社會,宗教在政府架構中沒有任何官方地位,而政府也沒有設立一個處理宗教事務的部門。有別於某些亞洲國家,香港沒有宗教衝突,而大部份香港人對宗教持正面態度。除了提供宗教活動外,這六個宗教也參與提供不同種類和規模的社會服務,包括救援、教育、醫療、長者服務和社會政策等。於2004年,香港政府發表第一次對宗教非政府組織的研究報告。為要配合撰寫其他第三部門的情況,對宗教非政府組織的研究只集中三方面,分別為資金來源、管理和員工。像一般對宗教非政府組織的研究,這研究只留意宗教非政府組織的效率和有效,沒有參考神學如何影響宗教非政府組織。本研究認為將宗教化約為人道主義不足以理解宗教非政府組織與非政府組織的不同、不同宗教非政府組織的不同。本研究認為不同宗教的神學及其社會地位影響宗教在社會服務提供的角色。例如,相對於道教非政府組織,基督教非政府組織參與社會政策一事上較積極。相對於印尼伊斯蘭教非政府組織,香港伊斯蘭教非政府組織參與社會較弱。本研究的重要在於為社會政策制定者和社會科學者,提供神學和地理資源去理解宗教非政府組織在第三部門的角色。然而,我們要留意神學思想及宗教社會地位並非靜止,所以,宗教非政府組織的角色也隨之變化。
2012年1月21日 星期六
上主呼召、跟隨主與合一(可一14-20)
在西方留學期間,我感受西方教會比較注重宗派,例如,他們會以信義會教友或聖公會教友等來形容基督徒。相反,宗派在華人教會相對地較次要,基督徒才是最重要。表面看來,華人教會應比西方教會更容易合一,但現實卻不是,因為阻礙西方教會合一的理由是可以拿出來公開討論,但阻礙華人教會合一的理由是難以公開。
今日經文重點之一,就是有關耶穌群體的形成。耶穌分別呼召西門和安德烈、雅各和約翰跟隨他。然而,耶穌的呼召總有點奇怪。第一,若耶穌是拉比的話,拉比不會向人發出呼召,叫人跟隨他,因猶太人要追隨的是妥拉,不是拉比。縱使有人會追隨某一拉比學派,但這是他個人因被感動而作的選擇,而非因呼召。第二,耶穌是先知嗎?舊約唯一相關的例子,就是先知以利亞呼召以利沙跟隨他,但以利亞容許以利沙先回家與家人道別(王上十九19-21)。然而,耶穌的呼召不但沒有這樣安排,甚至傾向排除有這需要。若他不是拉比和一個欠缺親情的先知,耶穌憑甚麼呼召叫你跟隨他?
有別於約翰福音對門徒呼召的記載(約二35-51),馬可的記載沒有交待那四位被呼召者對耶穌的認識,以致閱讀者會對他們立刻回應耶穌呼召的決定感到疑惑。雖是如此,但這不等於他們從未聽過耶穌的名字,因為馬可刻意地在耶穌呼召他們之前,記下耶穌的宣講,「日期滿了,上帝國近了。你們當悔改,信福音。」那麼,為何馬可要這樣記載耶穌的呼召和他們四人對耶穌呼召的反應?
以上兩個問題帶出馬可對耶穌的呼召和門徒的跟隨有其關注:
第一, 耶穌比拉比和先知還要大,以致他不但呼召人跟隨他,更是絕對和立即的跟隨。只有上帝才可以向人有如此的呼召(一11)。
第二, 耶穌的呼召不是基於人對他已有甚麼知識和理解。回應耶穌呼召的信心不是一種智性的決定,而是在被呼召下,人對實存的體驗。甚麼會令人放下謀生的工具?唯有人在此刻認識他的存在,所以,立刻是人最直接的反應。
第三, 跟隨耶穌的人須要放棄他昔日身分,以致他才可以承受新的身分和任務,就是作為得人的漁夫。
第四, 有別於施洗約翰的悔改洗禮,耶穌所傳講的福音要求人跟隨他,因為耶穌就是福音本身。
第五, 跟隨耶穌不只是被呼召者與耶穌的關係,更是加入一個群體。凝聚這群體的不是共同旨趣和生活形態,而是同一個呼召。在耶穌呼召下,不是我,而是那呼召者才是核心。
我認為以上對跟隨主的理解有助我們理解合一的基礎和意義。基本上,合一關乎我們同是被耶穌所呼召,即一主、一信、一洗。基督徒身分不是由教會傳統和會藉來界定,而是實存地從聆聽耶穌的呼召而來。耶穌的呼召不是要消除教會之間的差異,反而肯定我們以不同形式跟隨祂。在同一個呼召下,信義會會友是基督徒,聖公會會友是基督徒,他們不需淡化他們教會傳統或進入所謂後宗派,反而他們應按各自傳統回應上主的呼召,因為上主的呼召是個人的和實存的。然而,合一不純是一個基督徒身分,因為跟隨主要求我們信福音。信福音不只是信耶穌,更要求我們與人分享上主的豐盛,因為這是耶穌福音的內容。沒有分享上主在我們教會和生命上的豐盛,就談不上跟隨耶穌。
我接受合一需要理性對話,也認同合一關乎生命修養,但更基本,合一是因耶穌的呼召和跟隨耶穌的結果,即合一是分享。當我就讀信義宗神學院時,當時的院長蕭克諧牧師說,「信義宗神學院不是只為信義宗教會的信徒,而是信義宗教會對普世教會的貢獻。」今日,我所任職的香港中文大學崇基學院神學院,盧龍光牧師提醒我們說,「新落成的教堂不是只屬於我們,願更多人覺得這教堂也是屬於他們的。」當耶穌向我們說,「來跟從我」時,祂不只是要求個人悔改,更要藉此建立一個群體,即一個以合一和分享為特徵的群體。在這對立(例如,近日孔慶東言論批評香港人為狗)和嚴重貧富懸殊的當下,願我們的教會活出合一與分享,宣講福音。
今日經文重點之一,就是有關耶穌群體的形成。耶穌分別呼召西門和安德烈、雅各和約翰跟隨他。然而,耶穌的呼召總有點奇怪。第一,若耶穌是拉比的話,拉比不會向人發出呼召,叫人跟隨他,因猶太人要追隨的是妥拉,不是拉比。縱使有人會追隨某一拉比學派,但這是他個人因被感動而作的選擇,而非因呼召。第二,耶穌是先知嗎?舊約唯一相關的例子,就是先知以利亞呼召以利沙跟隨他,但以利亞容許以利沙先回家與家人道別(王上十九19-21)。然而,耶穌的呼召不但沒有這樣安排,甚至傾向排除有這需要。若他不是拉比和一個欠缺親情的先知,耶穌憑甚麼呼召叫你跟隨他?
有別於約翰福音對門徒呼召的記載(約二35-51),馬可的記載沒有交待那四位被呼召者對耶穌的認識,以致閱讀者會對他們立刻回應耶穌呼召的決定感到疑惑。雖是如此,但這不等於他們從未聽過耶穌的名字,因為馬可刻意地在耶穌呼召他們之前,記下耶穌的宣講,「日期滿了,上帝國近了。你們當悔改,信福音。」那麼,為何馬可要這樣記載耶穌的呼召和他們四人對耶穌呼召的反應?
以上兩個問題帶出馬可對耶穌的呼召和門徒的跟隨有其關注:
第一, 耶穌比拉比和先知還要大,以致他不但呼召人跟隨他,更是絕對和立即的跟隨。只有上帝才可以向人有如此的呼召(一11)。
第二, 耶穌的呼召不是基於人對他已有甚麼知識和理解。回應耶穌呼召的信心不是一種智性的決定,而是在被呼召下,人對實存的體驗。甚麼會令人放下謀生的工具?唯有人在此刻認識他的存在,所以,立刻是人最直接的反應。
第三, 跟隨耶穌的人須要放棄他昔日身分,以致他才可以承受新的身分和任務,就是作為得人的漁夫。
第四, 有別於施洗約翰的悔改洗禮,耶穌所傳講的福音要求人跟隨他,因為耶穌就是福音本身。
第五, 跟隨耶穌不只是被呼召者與耶穌的關係,更是加入一個群體。凝聚這群體的不是共同旨趣和生活形態,而是同一個呼召。在耶穌呼召下,不是我,而是那呼召者才是核心。
我認為以上對跟隨主的理解有助我們理解合一的基礎和意義。基本上,合一關乎我們同是被耶穌所呼召,即一主、一信、一洗。基督徒身分不是由教會傳統和會藉來界定,而是實存地從聆聽耶穌的呼召而來。耶穌的呼召不是要消除教會之間的差異,反而肯定我們以不同形式跟隨祂。在同一個呼召下,信義會會友是基督徒,聖公會會友是基督徒,他們不需淡化他們教會傳統或進入所謂後宗派,反而他們應按各自傳統回應上主的呼召,因為上主的呼召是個人的和實存的。然而,合一不純是一個基督徒身分,因為跟隨主要求我們信福音。信福音不只是信耶穌,更要求我們與人分享上主的豐盛,因為這是耶穌福音的內容。沒有分享上主在我們教會和生命上的豐盛,就談不上跟隨耶穌。
我接受合一需要理性對話,也認同合一關乎生命修養,但更基本,合一是因耶穌的呼召和跟隨耶穌的結果,即合一是分享。當我就讀信義宗神學院時,當時的院長蕭克諧牧師說,「信義宗神學院不是只為信義宗教會的信徒,而是信義宗教會對普世教會的貢獻。」今日,我所任職的香港中文大學崇基學院神學院,盧龍光牧師提醒我們說,「新落成的教堂不是只屬於我們,願更多人覺得這教堂也是屬於他們的。」當耶穌向我們說,「來跟從我」時,祂不只是要求個人悔改,更要藉此建立一個群體,即一個以合一和分享為特徵的群體。在這對立(例如,近日孔慶東言論批評香港人為狗)和嚴重貧富懸殊的當下,願我們的教會活出合一與分享,宣講福音。
2012年1月14日 星期六
Baptism of the Spirit (Mk1:4-11)
If you are asked how long you haven’t preached the gospel to your friends and relatives, how would you answer? You may be embarrassed how to answer. But I would argue that this question is wrongly asked. For me, the basic question is not preaching, but whether our lives are a witness to Jesus Christ as our Lord. The gospel is to be seen more than to be heard. This is the story of John the Baptist.
The role of John the Baptist is to prepare the way of the Lord, not for the sake to make the way easier for the Lord, but for the sake of the people to receive the Lord. In fact, Jesus never finds his way easier (Mk 14:36). John the Baptist is very clear his preparatory role, and he is happy to play such a role. We do not know much about his life, but the Scripture describes him clothed with camel’s hair, with a leather belt around his waist, and he ate locusts and wild honey. Who is this guy? Firstly, he may be a nazarite who voluntary takes the vow to be separated for God (Nu 6:1-21), for what Luke 1:15 has said about him, ‘drink no wine or liquor’, and this is what a nazarite has to be (Nu 6:3). Secondly, he may be a prophet, for clothed with camel’s hair is a common dressing among prophets at that time (Zech 13:4). Thirdly, he may be an ascetic, for eating locust and wild honey has implied his attempt to live on food that grows by itself instead of spending too much time on farming and keeping chicken. Fourthly, since the setting where John the Baptist is working is the wilderness, it is in contrast with the temple cult in Jerusalem. We can see later that John the Baptist’s fearless criticism of Herod Antipas (6:18) echoes Elijah’s confrontations with King Ahab (1Kings 18:18). Therefore, we can conclude that John the Baptist is more than the one who makes vow to be separated for God and lives ascetically, but also is the prophet who challenges the immoral and injustice of both the religious and secular authorities.
I would say that people at that time are persuaded to receive a baptism of repentance not just by John’s preaching, but also by his life, a nazarite, a prophet, an ascetic and a social activist. His life may help to build up his status. Unlike many charismatic leaders, John the Baptist is clear his preparatory role. He said, ‘The one who is more powerful than I is coming after me; I am not worthy to stoop down and untie the thong of his sandals.’ This is more than being humble, but also faithful to his call, that is, preparing the way of the Lord. The story of John the Baptist is not only asking us to repent, but also inviting us to be his comrades, not in the sense of eating locusts and wild honey only, but being humble to the Lord and prepare the way of the Lord. This invitation should not be a burden for our lives, for John the Baptist continues to say that ‘I have baptized you with water; but he (Jesus Christ) will baptize you with the Holy Spirit.’ It is in the baptism of the Holy Spirit that we are empowered.
Baptism of the Holy Spirit reminds us that we are children of God. Since we are the children of God, we are no longer servants. Since we are God’s children, we are loved and cared by God. No matter how well you have done or how misery your life may be, you are God’s children and you are still embraced. It is not the achievement that determines that you are God’s children, but rather it is the baptism of the Holy Spirit.
Baptism of the Holy Spirit reminds us that we have a new life. It is not just about restart, but a life with orientation and focus different from before. A new life is not marked whether you can play majong occasionally, but whether you are humble to God, that is, seeing your life as a means to serve instead of to gain for your own. We have to reflect in the light of the Holy Spirit what is humble to God as being a pastor, a housewife, a teacher, a manager, and a leader. Humble has nothing related to a soft character, but it is more about not abuse of power for our own.
Lastly, baptism of the Holy Spirit reminds us that we are gifted in order to serve God and others. Is speaking in tongue a necessary sign? Christians have discussed this since the early church. Paul in Cor 13 tells us that love amongst hope and faith is the greatest, but I would like to add the fourth, namely, courage. We need the courage not for the sake to fight, but the courage to be. ‘To be’ includes the courage to live in tragedy without loosing hope and fear, but with love and forgiveness.
When Jesus was receiving John’s baptism, the heavens torn apart and the Spirit descending like a dove on him. And a voice came from heaven, ‘You are my Son, the Beloved, I am well pleased.’ Let our faith in Jesus strengthen us to receive baptism of the Holy Spirit.
The role of John the Baptist is to prepare the way of the Lord, not for the sake to make the way easier for the Lord, but for the sake of the people to receive the Lord. In fact, Jesus never finds his way easier (Mk 14:36). John the Baptist is very clear his preparatory role, and he is happy to play such a role. We do not know much about his life, but the Scripture describes him clothed with camel’s hair, with a leather belt around his waist, and he ate locusts and wild honey. Who is this guy? Firstly, he may be a nazarite who voluntary takes the vow to be separated for God (Nu 6:1-21), for what Luke 1:15 has said about him, ‘drink no wine or liquor’, and this is what a nazarite has to be (Nu 6:3). Secondly, he may be a prophet, for clothed with camel’s hair is a common dressing among prophets at that time (Zech 13:4). Thirdly, he may be an ascetic, for eating locust and wild honey has implied his attempt to live on food that grows by itself instead of spending too much time on farming and keeping chicken. Fourthly, since the setting where John the Baptist is working is the wilderness, it is in contrast with the temple cult in Jerusalem. We can see later that John the Baptist’s fearless criticism of Herod Antipas (6:18) echoes Elijah’s confrontations with King Ahab (1Kings 18:18). Therefore, we can conclude that John the Baptist is more than the one who makes vow to be separated for God and lives ascetically, but also is the prophet who challenges the immoral and injustice of both the religious and secular authorities.
I would say that people at that time are persuaded to receive a baptism of repentance not just by John’s preaching, but also by his life, a nazarite, a prophet, an ascetic and a social activist. His life may help to build up his status. Unlike many charismatic leaders, John the Baptist is clear his preparatory role. He said, ‘The one who is more powerful than I is coming after me; I am not worthy to stoop down and untie the thong of his sandals.’ This is more than being humble, but also faithful to his call, that is, preparing the way of the Lord. The story of John the Baptist is not only asking us to repent, but also inviting us to be his comrades, not in the sense of eating locusts and wild honey only, but being humble to the Lord and prepare the way of the Lord. This invitation should not be a burden for our lives, for John the Baptist continues to say that ‘I have baptized you with water; but he (Jesus Christ) will baptize you with the Holy Spirit.’ It is in the baptism of the Holy Spirit that we are empowered.
Baptism of the Holy Spirit reminds us that we are children of God. Since we are the children of God, we are no longer servants. Since we are God’s children, we are loved and cared by God. No matter how well you have done or how misery your life may be, you are God’s children and you are still embraced. It is not the achievement that determines that you are God’s children, but rather it is the baptism of the Holy Spirit.
Baptism of the Holy Spirit reminds us that we have a new life. It is not just about restart, but a life with orientation and focus different from before. A new life is not marked whether you can play majong occasionally, but whether you are humble to God, that is, seeing your life as a means to serve instead of to gain for your own. We have to reflect in the light of the Holy Spirit what is humble to God as being a pastor, a housewife, a teacher, a manager, and a leader. Humble has nothing related to a soft character, but it is more about not abuse of power for our own.
Lastly, baptism of the Holy Spirit reminds us that we are gifted in order to serve God and others. Is speaking in tongue a necessary sign? Christians have discussed this since the early church. Paul in Cor 13 tells us that love amongst hope and faith is the greatest, but I would like to add the fourth, namely, courage. We need the courage not for the sake to fight, but the courage to be. ‘To be’ includes the courage to live in tragedy without loosing hope and fear, but with love and forgiveness.
When Jesus was receiving John’s baptism, the heavens torn apart and the Spirit descending like a dove on him. And a voice came from heaven, ‘You are my Son, the Beloved, I am well pleased.’ Let our faith in Jesus strengthen us to receive baptism of the Holy Spirit.
2012年1月6日 星期五
重親情、重人情
寫給達初與淑珊(2012.1.7)
我先要恭喜淑珊的父母。你們可以放心將淑珊嫁給達初,因為他是一個有理想的青年。理想不可以當飯食,但沒有理想,不會明白「鹹魚白菜也好好味」。同樣,我也恭喜達初的父母。你們可以放心,因為淑珊是一個重親情的青年。你們有仔,也有女。
達初和淑珊,我想跟你們分享一段聖經(可三31-35)。故事描述耶穌忙於傳道,甚至連回家的日子也不多。就在一個場合下,耶穌的母親馬利亞終於遇上耶穌,但圍繞耶穌的人太多,以致馬利亞也無法插進去與耶穌講話。她就叫人去通傳,讓耶穌知道她想跟他說話。當耶穌收到這消息後,他沒有立即見他的母親,反而大聲地說,「誰是我的母親?凡遵行上主旨意的人就是我的兄弟姐妹和母親了。」
母親馬利亞很想與耶穌講話,但聖經沒有提及她要跟耶穌講甚麼。對一個已很久沒有見自己孩子的母親來說,我相信馬利亞很想跟耶穌說,「今晚,回來吃飯。我為你煲了老火湯。」我們或許對耶穌對馬利亞的回應並不滿意,因為這是對母親的不禮貌,但聖經沒有進步記載,耶穌最後有否跟馬利亞講話,有否回家飲湯。
我不可以將達初與耶穌作一個類比,但達初工作忙碌的程度絕對可能比耶穌有過之而無不及,因為這與電燈和互聯網出現有關。很多會議會在晚間舉行,也有很多活動會在假日發生。平日可以回家吃飯已十時,甚至十一時,而假日可以與家人一起相聚也不多。淑珊就在這樣的背景下,在你的會議和遊行中,找人向你傳話,「今晚,回來吃飯,我為你煲了老火湯。」工作忙碌是生活的現實,滿足人的需要是急切的,但與淑珊一起食飯是家庭的基本。雖然淑珊可能不會煲老湯,但不要讓她一個人食飯,飯要一起食。淑珊,不需介意傳SMS給他,提醒他回家食飯。在我家食飯時,我送了幾包米給你們。希望六個月後,我再可以送你們幾包米。
淑珊,當你以為達初是家中獨子時,我想跟你說,他實在有很多兄弟姐妹,因為達初的服務對象已經成為他的兄弟姐妹了。從參加你們婚禮來賓的名單中,你已清楚知道你已嫁入一個不斷擴充的大家庭。雖是如此,但你可以放心,因為他們應該不會要求你為他們煲湯,反而會愛你,稱你為亞嫂,而不是歐陽太或歐陽夫人。然而,正因他們是達初的兄弟姐妹,你們的生活節奏和吃飯時間也會因此受影響。或許,有一日,達初會跟你說,「誰是我的母親?誰是我的兄弟姐妹?」時,請你不要介意,因為你已是他們的亞嫂了。
如何在親情與人情中保持平衡?沒有平衡,只有辯證。人情須要親情,使人情不會變為無情根;親情須要人情,使婚姻不會變為戀愛墳墓。我衷心祝福你們重親情,重人性,-並執子之手,與子偕老。主耶穌說,「凡遵行上主旨意的人就是我的兄弟姐妹和母親了。」你們是上主的兄弟姐妹。
我先要恭喜淑珊的父母。你們可以放心將淑珊嫁給達初,因為他是一個有理想的青年。理想不可以當飯食,但沒有理想,不會明白「鹹魚白菜也好好味」。同樣,我也恭喜達初的父母。你們可以放心,因為淑珊是一個重親情的青年。你們有仔,也有女。
達初和淑珊,我想跟你們分享一段聖經(可三31-35)。故事描述耶穌忙於傳道,甚至連回家的日子也不多。就在一個場合下,耶穌的母親馬利亞終於遇上耶穌,但圍繞耶穌的人太多,以致馬利亞也無法插進去與耶穌講話。她就叫人去通傳,讓耶穌知道她想跟他說話。當耶穌收到這消息後,他沒有立即見他的母親,反而大聲地說,「誰是我的母親?凡遵行上主旨意的人就是我的兄弟姐妹和母親了。」
母親馬利亞很想與耶穌講話,但聖經沒有提及她要跟耶穌講甚麼。對一個已很久沒有見自己孩子的母親來說,我相信馬利亞很想跟耶穌說,「今晚,回來吃飯。我為你煲了老火湯。」我們或許對耶穌對馬利亞的回應並不滿意,因為這是對母親的不禮貌,但聖經沒有進步記載,耶穌最後有否跟馬利亞講話,有否回家飲湯。
我不可以將達初與耶穌作一個類比,但達初工作忙碌的程度絕對可能比耶穌有過之而無不及,因為這與電燈和互聯網出現有關。很多會議會在晚間舉行,也有很多活動會在假日發生。平日可以回家吃飯已十時,甚至十一時,而假日可以與家人一起相聚也不多。淑珊就在這樣的背景下,在你的會議和遊行中,找人向你傳話,「今晚,回來吃飯,我為你煲了老火湯。」工作忙碌是生活的現實,滿足人的需要是急切的,但與淑珊一起食飯是家庭的基本。雖然淑珊可能不會煲老湯,但不要讓她一個人食飯,飯要一起食。淑珊,不需介意傳SMS給他,提醒他回家食飯。在我家食飯時,我送了幾包米給你們。希望六個月後,我再可以送你們幾包米。
淑珊,當你以為達初是家中獨子時,我想跟你說,他實在有很多兄弟姐妹,因為達初的服務對象已經成為他的兄弟姐妹了。從參加你們婚禮來賓的名單中,你已清楚知道你已嫁入一個不斷擴充的大家庭。雖是如此,但你可以放心,因為他們應該不會要求你為他們煲湯,反而會愛你,稱你為亞嫂,而不是歐陽太或歐陽夫人。然而,正因他們是達初的兄弟姐妹,你們的生活節奏和吃飯時間也會因此受影響。或許,有一日,達初會跟你說,「誰是我的母親?誰是我的兄弟姐妹?」時,請你不要介意,因為你已是他們的亞嫂了。
如何在親情與人情中保持平衡?沒有平衡,只有辯證。人情須要親情,使人情不會變為無情根;親情須要人情,使婚姻不會變為戀愛墳墓。我衷心祝福你們重親情,重人性,-並執子之手,與子偕老。主耶穌說,「凡遵行上主旨意的人就是我的兄弟姐妹和母親了。」你們是上主的兄弟姐妹。
訂閱:
文章 (Atom)